What did the behavioral management
approaches contribute to management thinking?
Ans:
The basic
assumption of the behavioral management approaches is that people are social
and self-actualizing. These approaches include the Hawthorne studies, Maslow’s
theory of human needs, McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, and Argyris’s theory
of adult personality. The key contribution of the Hawthorne studies is that
people’s feelings, attitudes, and relationships with co-workers influence their
performance. Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs suggests that managers who can
help people satisfy their important needs at work will achieve productivity.
Douglas McGregor, the developer of Theory X and Theory Y, argued that managers
should devote more attention to people’s social and self-actualizing needs at
work. McGregor asserted that managers must shift their perspective from Theory
X a set of negative assumptions about human behavior to Theory Y a set of
positive assumptions about human behavior. McGregor believed that managers who
hold either set of assumptions can create self-fulfilling prophecies — that is,
through their behavior they can create situations where subordinates act to
confirm the managers’ original expectations. Theory Y assumptions are central
to contemporary ideas about employee participation, involvement, empowerment,
and self-management. Argyris argued that organizations were too often
structured and operated in ways that were incongruous with the needs and
characteristics of the adult personality. He maintained that implementation of
classical management ideas such as the bureaucratic organization and Fayol’s administrative
principles would create conditions for psychological failure among the workers,
create dependent and passive workers, cause workers to have little sense of
control over their work environments, and undermine worker performance. To have
high individual and organizational performance, Argyris advocated transforming
organizations so they would be compatible with the capacities and
characteristics of the adult personality.
Source: Management, 11th Edition -
John R. Schermerhorn
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